Binary Division - Main points to write

• Division is continued subtraction till remainder is less than divisor
• D Flip flops are used as PIPO registers
• For full adder, carry out = 1, if remainder > divisor, ie, continue continued subtraction
  Cout = 0, if remainder < divisor, ie, end the process

Transfer Characteristics Of TTL

Note : In the diagram below, at the third part, Q2 in ON, not OFF

Race Around Condition

Static & Dynamic Resistances Of Diodes

Static : DC Resistance. Measured by considering V & I of a single point
Dynamic : AC Resistance, measured by considering a small change in the values of v & i. Take 2 points and the difference in the values of V, I while calculating.

To determine reverse saturation current of diode

Obtain the forward characteristics of the diode. Note any V & I after the knee voltage.
Substitute in equation;

I = Io(e^(V/nVT) - 1 )
n = 1 for Ge, 2 for Si
Vt = 26mV

Find reverse saturation current !

Or reverse bias the diode & determine the current flowing through using uA